Suchergebnisse

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Spent Nuclear Fuel and Alternative Methods of Transmutation -- 1.1 Spent and Unspent Nuclear Fuel and the Nuclear Waste -- 1.1.1 State-of-the-Art: Spent Nuclear Fuel Issue -- 1.1.1.1 Definition of the Problem -- 1.1.1.2 Amounts in Different Reactor Types -- 1.1.1.3 Issue of Radioactive Waste Management -- 1.1.2 Radio-Toxicity -- 1.1.3 Extraction or Reprocessing -- 1.1.4 Status of the Unspent Fuel -- 1.1.5 Economy of Reprocessing -- 1.2 Methods of Reduction of the Radioactive Material -- 1.2.1 Disposals, Reposition and Transmutation -- 1.2.2 Other Applications -- 1.2.2.1 Nuclear Medicines and Diagnostic Applications -- 1.2.2.2 Industrial Applications -- 1.2.2.3 Laboratory Sources for Education -- 1.3 Issues Related to Nuclear Waste -- 1.3.1 Proliferation and Security -- 1.3.2 Reutilization -- 1.3.3 Radiation Damage and Gas Production -- 1.3.4 Protection of Society and Environment -- References -- 2 Special Hybrid Systems and Molten-Salt Reactors -- 2.1 Concept of Hybridization of Nuclear Energy -- 2.1.1 Hybrid Nuclear Energy Systems -- 2.1.2 Fusion-Fission Hybrids -- 2.2 Reactor with Liquid Fuel -- 2.2.1 Single-Fluid Reactor -- 2.2.2 Double-Fluid Reactor -- 2.3 Other Hybrid Energy Systems -- 2.3.1 West Texas Model of NHES -- 2.3.2 Northeastern Arizona Model of NHES -- 2.3.3 Wind and PV Hybrid Energy System -- References -- 3 Spallation Neutron Source, Multiplication and Possibility of Incineration -- 3.1 Neutron Sources and Applications -- 3.1.1 Neutron Sources -- 3.1.2 Spallation Neutron Sources -- 3.2 Neutron Multiplicative Processes -- 3.2.1 Role of (n, xn) and Similar Reactions -- 3.2.2 Multiplication Coefficient and Source Importance -- 3.3 Utilization of Spallation Neutrons by a Fuel -- 3.3.1 IAEA Benchmark Design -- 3.3.2 Neutron Flux in Different Regions.

Effects of Radiation/Radiation Protection; Nuclear Engineering; Particle and Nuclear Physics; Waste Management/Waste Technology; Industrial Pollution Prevention; Nuclear fuel cycle; Environmental radiation; Nuclear transmutation; Accelerator-driven systems (ADS); Nuclear reactor; Radioactive wastes

In 1998, the research ministers of France, Italy and Spain have decided to set up a group of advisors for the definition of a common R&D European platform on accelerator driven systems (ADS). The advisors in turn, have established a Technical Working Group (TWG), chaired by Professor Carlo Rubbia, and now extended to the most part of the European Union member countries, in order to identify the critical technical issues for which R&D is needed. The recommendations of the TWG, included in the recently issued document 'A European roadmap for developing ADS for nuclear waste incineration' [April 2001] clearly indicate the need to design and operate, approximately in 12-15 years, an XADS at a sufficiently large scale to assess the feasibility of an industrial ADS for transmutation of nuclear waste. The European Community, through the 5th Framework Program, has launched a large program on partitioning and transmutation. This program which includes R&D and preliminary design will constitute a reference for the choice of the technical solutions to be pursued forward during the 6th Framework Program. In Italy, since early 1998, the ENEA (National Research Organization for Innovative Energy), INFN (National Institute for Nuclear Physics), CRS4 (Research Institute) and Ansaldo have set up a team, led by Ansaldo, to design an 80 MWth XADS. The results obtained so far allow a consistent XADS configuration to be outlined. The main issues investigated and the associated solutions adopted are concisely described in the paper.